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"No-one becomes an active citizen by accident. Like anything else it has to be learned"
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"Direct contract between the individual and the state comprising a package of rights and responsibilities for individuals in welfare capitalist societies which are implicitly transmitted with age"
( 1. Jones & Wallace 1992)
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Citizenship rights are gradually acquired during youth, access to these rights, including full participation in society, is still determined by the social structures of inequality such as social class, race, gender, disability, etc.
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There are three elements of citizenship:
Civil citizenship - the right to personal freedom, to property, to protection against the state comes from the rule of law
Political citizenship - the right to participate in decision making and government comes from electoral process and the vote
Social citizenship - the right to prevailing living standard in society is realised though the education, health, housing and social welfare systems.
(2. Marshall, 1950)
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There is also Consumer citizenship, that involves the right to choose between services, but essential needs have to be met before young people can have real choice in the consumer market.
The use of the term can be negative as well as positive as citizenship may be invoked as a means of excluding non-citizen groups as is often the case with members of ethnic minority groups. It is assumed that children divide
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their citizenship rights from their parents, as financial access to social citizenship is determined by age.
Lister (1990) agues that until women are allowed full economic independence, including recognition of their role as carers then full citizenship will continue to be withheld from them.
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Citizenship is now part of the national curriculum. It will come into force as a statutory entitlement at key stages 3 and 4 from September 2002. At key stages 1 and 2 it is part of the guideline for PSHE and citizenship from Sept 2000.
Citizenship gives young people the knowledge, skills and understanding to play an effective role in society at local, regional and national levels. It helps them to become informed, thoughtful and responsible citizens, who are aware of their duties and rights.
1. Jones. C and Wallace. C (1992) Youth, Family and Citizenship Open University Press.
2. Marshall (1950) cit. in Jones,C & Wallace,C (1992) Youth, Family and Citizenship Open University Press.
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